HOPE presents an opportunity for the Euro-Atlantic community to constructively engage with Iran and its neighbours, starting with inclusive and sustained dialogue at the expert and semi-official levels. That being said, rather than viewing Iran’s proposal as a veil for hegemonic aspirations or as empty propaganda, the Euro-Atlantic community should seize the opportunity to facilitate engagement with Iran, its Persian Gulf neighbours, and the main external actors active in the Persian Gulf. ![]() Whereas Iran’s vision for security in the Persian Gulf seeks to minimise the role of non-regional powers, the global significance of the Strait of Hormuz for energy security and the international naval presence in its immediate vicinity suggest that any solution requires the involvement of external powers that remain enmeshed in the politics of the region. For both regional and external actors, the absence of a consensus on the framework, principles, and scope of an arrangement for Persian Gulf security underlines the need for a meaningful evaluation of the merits and points of engagement across the numerous proposals and initiatives. Though Post-Brexit Britain diverged from most of Europe by adopting a harder line of deterrence on maritime threats, the European-led maritime surveillance initiative to ensure freedom of navigation has demonstrated that a European regional presence could be an important stabilising factor for maritime security in the Persian Gulf. In contrast, Russia’s ambitious 2019 proposal envisages the participation of the U.S., Russia, China, and Europe in an OSCE-like collective security architecture for the Middle East. As an extension of Washington’s ‘maximum pressure’ campaign against Iran, the United States sought to establish an American-led security alliance in the region, commonly referred to as the Arab NATO. Like Iran, regional and external actors have put forward various collective security concepts and proposals. A lack of consensus on security in the Persian Gulf Once the crisis surrounding COVID-19 subsides, Europe should engage Iran on HOPE’s ‘Plan of Action’ to facilitate multi-faceted dialogue at the expert and official levels as well as determining appropriate measures for de-confliction and crisis management. In March 2020, the UAE’s provision of medical supplies to Iran was indicative of the interconnectivity of Persian Gulf security. The devastating consequences of COVID-19 at both the regional and global level may pave the way for a “moment of opportunity” by encouraging countries to mitigate further economic risks, instigated by instability. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Iran would continue to propose various initiatives similar to HOPE though both the timing and the political will prevented these ideas from coming to fruition. Secretary General to explore “measures to enhance the security and stability of the region” through consultations with Iran, Iraq, and neighbouring states. Beyond establishing a ceasefire between Iran and Iraq, Resolution 598 called upon the U.N. Security Council Resolution 598 which ended the Iran-Iraq War as the legal basis for such an initiative. Iran has long advocated for a collective security system in the Persian Gulf without the involvement of non-regional powers, often invoking U.N. Iran’s invitation for all Persian Gulf littoral states – Bahrain, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates – to join HOPE elucidated a series of objectives and principles as well as a roadmap for Tehran’s “subject oriented and inclusive plan” for security in the region. 'Currently, there is no safe and effective treatment for RDEB but we are striving to develop one.Amid heightened tensions in the Persian Gulf, Iran unveiled its proposal for security in the region entitled ‘Hormuz Peace Endeavor’ (HOPE) during the September 2019 U.N. 'The recessive inheritable types (RDEB) can lead to disability and reduced life expectancy,' he explains. Is inherited in both autosomal dominant and recessive trait. Expert dermatologist Dr Eijiro Akasaka, who is based at the Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan, explains that the disorder is caused by mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen, COL7A1, and ![]() ![]() ![]() In mild cases blistering can mainly affect the hands, feet, knees and elbows, whereas severe cases often involve widespread blistering that can cause severe fibrosis such as adhesion of digits, aggressive cutaneous squamousĬell carcinoma, and other medical problems. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is one of the four major subtypes of EB, affecting aroundĢ5 per cent of people affected by EB, and can range from mild to severe. Clinically, individuals with EB are characterized by fragile skin and blister formations induced by minor trauma. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of genetic skin blistering diseases.
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